The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Today I want to present a deceptively simple fact about spaces equipped with inner products. The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality states that
for any vectors . The proof uses a neat little trick. We take a scalar and construct the vector . Now the positive-definiteness, bilinearity, and symmetry of the inner product tells us that
This is a quadratic function of the real variable . It can have at most one zero, if there is some value such that is the zero vector, but it definitely can’t have two zeroes. That is, it’s either a perfect square or an irreducible quadratic. Thus we consider the discriminant and conclude
which is easily seen to be equivalent to the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality above. As a side effect, we see that we only get an equality (rather than an inequality) when and are linearly dependent.
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[…] The condition relating and is very common in this discussion, so we will say that such a pair of real numbers are “Hölder conjugates” of each other. Given , the Hölder conjugate is uniquely defined by , which is a strictly decreasing function sending to itself (with order reversed, of course). The fact that this function has a (unique) fixed point at will be important. In particular, we will see that this norm is associated with an inner product on , and that Hölder’s inequality actually implies the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality! […]
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