Dirac Notation III
So we’ve got Dirac notation and it’s nice for inner product spaces, but remember we’re not just interested in vectors and vector spaces. We’re even more interested in transformations between vector spaces. So what happens when we throw a linear transformation into the mix?
To keep things simple, let’s just think of one vector space and a linear transformation
. If we have a vector
, we can write it as the ket
. Then we can hit it with our transformation to get
. We can put this new vector into a ket as well:
. But we can also just write the transformation outside the ket, giving
. Both of these notations make pretty good sense.
But what about bras? We can take the ket and flip it over into the bra
. Now there’s no reason to believe that
acts in exactly the same way on bra vectors as it does on ket vectors. So what does it do? Well, we can probe the bra
by seeing what happens when we feed it various kets. We pick a ket
and pair up to form the bra-ket
.
Now this is an inner product, and so we have the adjoint property, allowing us to rewrite it as . This is the pairing of the bra
and the ket
. But this latter ket we can also write as
. So we could reasonably write out the pairing as
. But we could then reasonably read this as the pairing of the ket
with the bra
.
That is, when we have a transformation acting on a bra vector
to give the bra
, we can see this as the adjoint of
acting from the right in our notation. Then expressions like
can be interpreted either as
acting on
and then paired with
, or as
acting on
, which then pairs with
. And this is actually no ambiguity, since the way adjoints and inner products interact guarantees that these both give the same answer in the end.
Incidentally, what is an expression like anyway? It’s a matrix element of the transformation
. In fact, if we have a basis
then the matrix components can be written in Dirac notation as
. The Dirac notation makes clear the way that bra and ket vectors probe two different aspects of linear transformations.
In quantum physics, we see exactly this sort of probing going on all the time. Except that there, the physicsts talk about picking an “input state” and an “output state”
, and thinking of a physical process as a linear transformation
from a space of input states to a space of output states. The “transition amplitude” — connected with the probability of ending up at the given output when starting at the given input — is then given by
. It’s just a matrix element of the linear transformation representing out physical process.
I’m really enjoying this section Dirac notation. If I explain this to students, though, I might have to avoid using the phrase, “…we can probe the bra…”
Many thanks for the fine explanations.
[…] and Bilinear Forms on Inner Product Spaces in Dirac Notation Now, armed with Dirac notation, we can come back and reconsider matrices and forms. For our background, we’ve got an inner […]
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[…] First, we hit each of these vectors with . The ket vector clearly becomes , while the bra vector becomes . Now using the form from before we […]
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