# The Unapologetic Mathematician

## Cotangent Vectors, Differentials, and the Cotangent Bundle

There’s another construct in differential topology and geometry that isn’t quite so obvious as a tangent vector, but which is every bit as useful: a cotangent vector. A cotangent vector $\lambda$ at a point $p\in M$ is just an element of the dual space to $\mathcal{T}_pM$, which we write as $\mathcal{T}^*_pM$.

We actually have a really nice example of cotangent vectors already: a gadget that takes a tangent vector at $p$ and gives back a number. It’s the differential, which when given a vector returns the directional derivative in that direction. And we can generalize that right away.

Indeed, if $f$ is a smooth germ at $p$, then we have a linear functional $v\mapsto v(f)$ defined for all tangent vectors $v\in\mathcal{T}_pM$. We will call this functional the differential of $f$ at $p$, and write $\left[df(p)\right](v)=v(f)$.

If we have local coordinates $(U,x)$ at $p$, then each coordinate function $x^i$ is a smooth function, which has differential $dx^i(p)$. These actually furnish the dual basis to the coordinate vectors $\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}(p)$. Indeed, we calculate

\displaystyle\begin{aligned}\left[dx^i(p)\right]\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x^j}(p)\right)&=\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial x^j}\right](x^i)\\&=\left[D_j(u^i\circ x\circ x^{-1})\right](x(p))\\&=\delta_j^i\end{aligned}

That is, evaluating the coordinate differential $dx^i(p)$ on the coordinate vector $\frac{\partial}{\partial x^j}(p)$ gives the value $1$ if $i=j$ and $0$ otherwise.

Of course, the $dx^j(p)$ define a basis of $\mathcal{T}^*_pM$ at every point $p\in U$, just like the $\frac{\partial}{\partial x^j}(p)$ define a basis of $\mathcal{T}_pM$ at every point $p\in U$. This was exactly what we needed to compare vectors — at least to some extent — at points within a local coordinate patch, and let us define the tangent bundle as a $2n$-dimensional manifold.

In exactly the same way, we can define the cotangent bundle $\mathcal{T}^*M$. Given the coordinate patch $(U,x)$ we define a coordinate patch covering all the cotangent spaces $\mathcal{T}^*_pM$ with $p\in U$. The coordinate map is defined on a cotangent vector $\lambda\in\mathcal{T}^*_pM$ by

$\displaystyle\tilde{x}(\lambda)=\left(x^1(p),\dots,x^n(p),\lambda\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x^1}(p)\right),\dots,\lambda\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x^n}(p)\right)\right)$

Everything else in the construction of the cotangent bundle proceeds exactly as it did for the tangent bundle, but we’re missing one thing: how to translate from one basis of coordinate differentials to another.

So, let’s say $x$ and $y$ are two coordinate maps at $p$, defining coordinate differentials $dx^i(p)$ and $dy^j(p)$. How are these two bases related? We can calculate this by applying $dy^j(p)$ to $\frac{\partial}{\partial x^j}(p)$:

\displaystyle\begin{aligned}\left[dy^j(p)\right]\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}(p)\right)&=\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}\right](y^j)\\&=\left[D_i(u^j\circ y\circ x^{-1})\right](x(p))\\&=J_i^j(p)\end{aligned}

where $J_i^j(p)$ are the components of the Jacobian matrix of the transition function $y\circ x^{-1}$. What does this mean? Well, consider the linear functional

$\displaystyle\sum\limits_iJ_i^j(p)dx^i(p)$

This has the same values on each of the $\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}(p)$ as $dy^j$ does, and we conclude that they are, in fact, the same cotangent vector:

$\displaystyle dy^j(p)=\sum\limits_iJ_i^j(p)dx^i(p)$

On the other hand, recall that

$\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}(p)=\sum\limits_jJ_i^j(p)\frac{\partial}{\partial y^j}(p)$

That is, we use the Jacobian of one transition function to transform from the $dx^i(p)$ basis to the $dy^j(p)$ basis of $\mathcal{T}^*_pM$, but the transpose of the same Jacobian to transform from the $\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}(p)$ basis to the $\frac{\partial}{\partial y^j}(p)$ basis of $\mathcal{T}_pM$. And this is actually just as we expect, since the transpose is actually the adjoint transformation, which automatically connects the dual spaces.

April 13, 2011 - Posted by | Differential Topology, Topology

1. […] patch on , we get a basis of for each . Then, just as we did with the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle we can come up with a coordinate patch “induced by ” on each of our new bundles. In […]

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2. […] Similarly, we pass from the -coordinate basis to the -coordinate basis of by using another Jacobian: […]

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3. […] of the coordinate transformation from one patch to the other. Indeed, we use the Jacobian to change bases on the cotangent bundle, and transforming between these top forms amounts to taking the determinant of the transformation […]

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4. Great posts!

Comment by B. Doyle | May 15, 2015 | Reply